The Truth Behind the Lies: The Complex Motivations for False Allegations of Sexual Assault

The issue of false allegations is arguably the most controversial topic in the area of sexual violence. Portrayals of women who make false allegations are largely negative and leave little room for a comprehensive understanding of the complex motivations behind false complaints of sexual assault. The current study uses detailed qualitative data on 55 sexual assault cases that were reported to the Los Angeles Police Department in 2008 and that were subsequently unfounded. Our study focuses on identifying the factors that motivated complainants to file false allegations. Results reveal that motivations for false allegations fall into five overlapping categories: avoiding trouble/providing an alibi, anger or revenge, attention seeking, mental illness, and guilt/remorse. In addition, our findings more obviously suggest that motivations for filing false reports are varied and complex, often resulting from a need to alleviate social and personal distress. Given that we centered our study on motivations, this research is more comprehensive than prior examinations of motivations that have tackled numerous facets of false sexual assault reports.     

“切开法”快速鉴定朱墨时序

朱墨时序是指印文与字迹形成的先后顺序。"朱"代表印文,"墨"指与印文形成交叠的字迹笔画。用"切开法"进行光敏印油、印泥印文和喷墨打印字迹、激光打印字迹、复印字迹的朱墨时序鉴定实验,取得了令人满意的效果。实验证明,"切开法",所需器材简单,操作简便,准确率高,对鉴定人从业经验也没有很高要求,非常适合基层一线单位使用。     

诈术的双重视角分析

在诈骗罪中,被害人之所以上当受骗,源于行为人使用了诈术。1诈术即欺瞒,表现为行为人与被害人之间的一个互动过程。对于诈术的判断,需要结合行为人、被害人两个维度进行分析。从行为人方面看行为人的行为是否具有危害性,从被害人角度看被害人是否需要刑法来保护。只有从这两个方面考察都能得出肯定结论的,才是诈术,才能成立诈骗罪。结合两个维度来判断是否成立诈术的方法,可以为区分诈骗犯罪行为与民事欺诈行为提供思路。     

强迫——屈从型虚假供述的检察监督防范

强迫——屈从型虚假供述是警察审讯室中出现得较多的虚假供述类型,也是造成冤假错案的罪魁祸首。其产生与犯罪嫌疑人的服从、受暗示性和本能的生存需求紧密相关,但更多的是警察的强迫审讯策略所致。通过检察环节的收紧批准、决定逮捕防线、加强讯问监督和提高证据通过审查后的质量,可以有效防止审讯过程中的非法取证行为,减少审讯室中强迫——屈从型虚假供述。     

Correlation between saw blade width and kerf width

Most studies of saw marks have focused on morphological characteristics and their utility in identifying saws suspected to have been utilized in cases of criminal dismemberment. The present study examined the extent to which metric analysis may be used to correlate saw blade measurements with minimum kerf widths (MKWs). A sample of 56 partially defleshed white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) long bones was utilized as proxy for human remains. The long bones were cut using a variety of commercially available saws, including 11 manual‐powered and 5 mechanical‐powered saws. A total of 496 false start kerfs (FSKs) were created. Two experiments were performed, with the first test examining the MKWs of FSKs produced on specimens that were restrained using a bench vise, while the second test analyzed the MKWs of FSKs produced on minimally restrained specimens. Statistical analysis using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) indicated a positive relationship between saw blade width (mm) and MKW, with blade width (p < 0.001) and the overall difference between the mechanical‐ and manual‐powered saws (p = 0.029) tested, reaching statistical significance. A comparison of MKWs produced using manual‐powered saws on restrained and minimally restrained bones suggests that restraint condition (p = 0.009) has a statistically significant effect. In comparisons of MKWs to blade widths, the average ratio for mechanical‐powered saws is 18.7% greater than the average ratio for manual‐powered saws. While the mode of the ratios was 1.42, thus supporting the general rule that MKW does not exceed 1.5 times blade width, multiple individual ratios did surpass 1.5.     

Distinguishing Between Damage to Clothing as a Result of Normal Wear and Tear or as a Result of Deliberate Damage: A Sexual Assault Case Study

Abstract:  This paper focuses on bra damage, specifically damage observed in hook and eye fasteners that are generally located at the backstraps of bras. We describe bra design including the method by which hook and eye fasteners are generally constructed. We assess bra damage in two situations where the damage observed was unexpected given the case scenarios. These were: (i) the complainant of an alleged rape attributed damage to her bra hooks to force during a struggle and (ii) the complainant had earlier manipulated her bra hooks in an incident not related to her complaint. Steriomicroscopy and reconstruction experimentation were necessarily used to assess the bra damage. A systematic approach to damage analysis was employed by the forensic practitioners to correctly identify damage as being a result of mechanical manipulation and therefore as falsified. This paper suggests that more examples of falsified damage should be documented.     

论非法拘禁罪的犯罪对象

有关非法拘禁罪的犯罪对象问题历来颇有争议,应在学说梳理基础之上进行价值抉择与类型考量。非法拘禁罪的犯罪对象的判定应当以“限定说”和“可能说”为根据,而不能采用“无限定说”和“现实说”,否则会招致明显不当。襁褓中的婴儿、被看护的植物人不能成为非法拘禁罪的犯罪对象;意识清醒的高位截瘫的人、儿童、高度精神病人都能成为非法拘禁罪的犯罪对象。     

虚假广告罪与诈骗罪之竞合问题浅探——以电视直销现象为切入

虚假广告罪和诈骗罪在行为方式上都有欺骗行为,只是欺骗的程度不同。当虚假广告罪中的欺骗或者说是宣传的虚假程度达到诈骗罪的欺诈程度时,便产生了虚假广告罪和诈骗罪的想象竞合。在这种情形下应当遵循想象竞合犯的处理原则,从一重罪处罚,认定为诈骗罪。     

虚假共犯的可归责性初探

虚假共犯的可归责性讨论了行为人假装具有犯罪意图,客观上实施了帮助或者鼓励实行犯的行为,是否能被归责的问题。虚假共犯是否具备共犯的犯罪心态是该问题的核心。美国判例倾向于共犯心态的着力点在对犯罪结果的共同认识。在实用主义指导下,虚假共犯＂不可告人的动机＂与犯罪心态的界限会受到模糊,从而平衡现实利益,达到实质正义。     

虚假“认罪认罚”之甄别--以经验法则的运用为视角

经验法则是审查核实犯罪嫌疑人、被告人认罪认罚是否真实的不可或缺的依据和方法。司法实务中,运用经验法则判定认罪认罚是否真实时,应当注意防范经验法则的盖然性、丰富性特征潜在的诱发错判的风险,并从认罪认罚的"三性"(即自愿性、真实性和合法性)契入,重点审查核实所引依据是否经验法则、所引经验法则是否与待定事项对应和是否存在例外情形,应高度重视程序合法情形下认罪认罚的真实性审查,避免发生"罪从供定"和忽视收集、审查供述之外的其他证据的情形。